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IntelligenceOther Conceptions Of IntelligenceAlternative Test 2: Counting The Value Of Stamps Alternative Test: Forenoon And Afternoon Intelligence Tests Of Superior Children Presence Of Others Giving Differences From Memory Defining Abstract Words Order Of Giving The Tests Influence Of The Subject's Attitude Comprehension First Degree Correlation Between I Q And The Teachers' Estimates Of The Children's Intelligence Naming Four Coins Binet's Questionnaire On Teachers' Methods Of Judging Intelligence Dissected Sentences Repeating Five Digits Other Uses Of Intelligence Tests The Necessity Of Standards The Distribution Of Intelligence Problem Of The Enclosed Boxes Repeating Six To Seven Syllables |
Other Conceptions Of IntelligenceIt is interesting to compare Binet's conception of intelligence with the definitions which have been offered by other psychologists. According to Ebbinghaus, for example, the essence of intelligence lies in comprehending together in a unitary, meaningful whole, impressions and associations which are more or less independent, heterogeneous, or even partly contradictory. "Intellectual ability consists in the elaboration of a whole into its worth and meaning by means of many-sided combination, correction, and completion of numerous kindred associations.... It is a _combination activity_." Meumann offers a twofold definition. From the psychological point of view, intelligence is the power of independent and creative elaboration of new products out of the material given by memory and the senses. From the practical point of view, it involves the ability to avoid errors, to surmount difficulties, and to adjust to environment. Stern defines intelligence as "the general capacity of an individual consciously to adjust his thinking to new requirements: it is general adaptability to new problems and conditions of life." Spearman, Hart, and others of the English school define intelligence as a "common central factor" which participates in all sorts of special mental activities. This factor is explained in terms of a psycho-physiological hypothesis of "cortex energy," "cerebral plasticity," etc. The above definitions are only to a slight extent contradictory or inharmonious. They differ mainly in point of view or in the location of the emphasis. Each expresses a part of the truth, and none all of it. It will be evident that the conception of Binet is broad enough to include the most important elements in each of the other definitions quoted. Next: Guiding Principles In Choice And Arrangement Of Tests Previous: Binet's Conception Of General Intelligence
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